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Jenseits von Gut und Böse
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
(1886)

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Beyond Good and Evil Par delà le bien et le mal
PREFACEAVANT-PROPOS
SUPPOSING that Truth is a woman—what then? Is there not ground for suspecting that all philosophers, in so far as they have been dogmatists, have failed to understand women—that the terrible seriousness and clumsy importunity with which they have usually paid their addresses to Truth, have been unskilled and unseemly methods for winning a woman? Certainly she has never allowed herself to be won; and at present every kind of dogma stands with sad and discouraged mien—IF, indeed, it stands at all! For there are scoffers who maintain that it has fallen, that all dogma lies on the ground—nay more, that it is at its last gasp. But to speak seriously, there are good grounds for hoping that all dogmatizing in philosophy, whatever solemn, whatever conclusive and decided airs it has assumed, may have been only a noble puerilism and tyronism; and probably the time is at hand when it will be once and again understood WHAT has actually sufficed for the basis of such imposing and absolute philosophical edifices as the dogmatists have hitherto reared: perhaps some popular superstition of immemorial time (such as the soul-superstition, which, in the form of subject- and ego-superstition, has not yet ceased doing mischief): perhaps some play upon words, a deception on the part of grammar, or an audacious generalization of very restricted, very personal, very human—all-too-human facts. The philosophy of the dogmatists, it is to be hoped, was only a promise for thousands of years afterwards, as was astrology in still earlier times, in the service of which probably more labour, gold, acuteness, and patience have been spent than on any actual science hitherto: we owe to it, and to its "super-terrestrial" pretensions in Asia and Egypt, the grand style of architecture. It seems that in order to inscribe themselves upon the heart of humanity with everlasting claims, all great things have first to wander about the earth as enormous and awe-inspiring caricatures: dogmatic philosophy has been a caricature of this kind—for instance, the Vedanta doctrine in Asia, and Platonism in Europe. Let us not be ungrateful to it, although it must certainly be confessed that the worst, the most tiresome, and the most dangerous of errors hitherto has been a dogmatist error—namely, Plato's invention of Pure Spirit and the Good in Itself. But now when it has been surmounted, when Europe, rid of this nightmare, can again draw breath freely and at least enjoy a healthier—sleep, we, WHOSE DUTY IS WAKEFULNESS ITSELF, are the heirs of all the strength which the struggle against this error has fostered. It amounted to the very inversion of truth, and the denial of the PERSPECTIVE—the fundamental condition—of life, to speak of Spirit and the Good as Plato spoke of them; indeed one might ask, as a physician: "How did such a malady attack that finest product of antiquity, Plato? Had the wicked Socrates really corrupted him? Was Socrates after all a corrupter of youths, and deserved his hemlock?" But the struggle against Plato, or—to speak plainer, and for the "people"—the struggle against the ecclesiastical oppression of millenniums of Christianity (FOR CHRISTIANITY IS PLATONISM FOR THE "PEOPLE"), produced in Europe a magnificent tension of soul, such as had not existed anywhere previously; with such a tensely strained bow one can now aim at the furthest goals. As a matter of fact, the European feels this tension as a state of distress, and twice attempts have been made in grand style to unbend the bow: once by means of Jesuitism, and the second time by means of democratic enlightenment—which, with the aid of liberty of the press and newspaper-reading, might, in fact, bring it about that the spirit would not so easily find itself in "distress"! (The Germans invented gunpowder—all credit to them! but they again made things square—they invented printing.) But we, who are neither Jesuits, nor democrats, nor even sufficiently Germans, we GOOD EUROPEANS, and free, VERY free spirits—we have it still, all the distress of spirit and all the tension of its bow! And perhaps also the arrow, the duty, and, who knows? THE GOAL TO AIM AT....

Sils Maria Upper Engadine, JUNE, 1885.


En admettant que la vérité soit femme, n’y aurait-il pas quelque vraisemblance à affirmer que tous les philosophes, dans la mesure où ils étaient des dogmatiques, ne s’entendaient pas à parler de la femme ? Le sérieux tragique, la gaucherie importune qu’ils ont déployés jusqu’à présent pour conquérir la vérité étaient des moyens bien maladroits et bien inconvenants pour gagner le cœur d’une femme. Ce qui est certain, c’est que la femme dont il s’agit ne s’est pas laissé gagner ; et toute espèce de dogmatique prend maintenant une attitude triste et découragée, si tant est qu’elle garde encore une attitude quelconque. Car il y a des railleurs pour prétendre qu’elle n’en a plus du tout, qu’elle est par terre aujourd’hui, — pis encore, que toute dogmatique est à l’agonie. Pour parler sérieusement, je crois qu’il y a de bons motifs d’espérer que tout dogmatisme en philosophie — quelle que fût son attitude solennelle et quasi-définitive — n’a été qu’un noble enfantillage et un balbutiement. Et peut-être le temps n’est-il pas éloigné où l’on comprendra sans cesse à nouveau ce qui, en somme, suffit à former la pierre fondamentale d’un pareil édifice philosophique, sublime et absolu, tel que l’élevèrent jusqu’à présent les dogmatiques. Ce fut une superstition populaire quelconque, datant des temps les plus reculés (comme, par exemple, le préjugé du sujet et du moi) ; ce fut peut-être un jeu de mot quelconque, une équivoque grammaticale, ou quelque généralisation téméraire de faits très restreints, très personnels, très humains, trop humains. La philosophie des dogmatiques n’a été, espérons-le, qu’une promesse faite pour des milliers d’années, comme ce fut le cas de l’astrologie, à une époque antérieure encore, — de l’astrologie, au service de laquelle on a dépensé peut-être plus de travail, d’argent, de perspicacité, de patience, qu’on ne l’a fait depuis pour toute science véritable ; et c’est à elle aussi, à ses aspirations supra-terrestres, que l’on doit, en Asie et en Égypte, l’architecture de grand style. Il semble que toutes les grandes choses, pour graver dans le cœur de l’humanité leurs exigences éternelles, doivent errer d’abord sur la terre en revêtant un masque effroyable et monstrueux. La philosophie dogmatique prit un masque de ce genre, lorsqu’elle se manifesta dans la doctrine des Veda en Asie ou dans le Platonisme en Europe. Ne soyons pas ingrats à son égard, bien qu’il faille avouer que l’erreur la plus néfaste, la plus pénible et la plus dangereuse qui ait jamais été commise a été une erreur des dogmatiques, je veux dire l’invention de l’esprit et du bien en soi, faite par Platon. Or, maintenant que cette erreur est surmontée, maintenant que l’Europe, délivrée de ce cauchemar, se reprend à respirer et jouit du moins d’un sommeil plus salutaire, c’est nous, nous dont le devoir est la vigilance même, qui héritons de toute la force que la lutte contre cette erreur a fait grandir. Ce serait en effet poser la vérité tête en bas, et nier la perspective, nier les conditions fondamentales de toute vie que de parler de l’esprit et du bien à la façon de Platon. On pourrait même se demander, en tant que médecin, d’où vient cette maladie, née sur le plus beau produit de l’antiquité, chez Platon ? Le méchant Socrate l’aurait-il corrompu ? Socrate aurait-il vraiment été le corrupteur de la jeunesse ? Aurait-il mérité la ciguë ? — Mais la lutte contre Platon, ou, plutôt, pour parler plus clairement, comme il convient au « peuple », la lutte contre l’oppression christiano-ecclésiastique exercée depuis des milliers d’années — car le christianisme est du platonisme à l’usage du « peuple » — cette lutte a créé en Europe une merveilleuse tension de l’esprit, telle qu’il n’y en eut pas encore sur terre : et avec un arc si fortement tendu il est possible, dès lors, de tirer sur les cibles les plus lointaines. Il est vrai que l’homme d’Europe souffre de cette tension et, par deux fois, l’on fit de vastes tentatives pour détendre l’arc ; ce fut d’abord par le jésuitisme et ensuite par le rationalisme démocratique. À l’aide de la liberté de la presse, de la lecture des journaux, il se pourrait que l’on obtînt véritablement ce résultat : l’esprit ne mettrait plus tant de facilité à se considérer comme un « péril ». (Les Allemands ont inventé la poudre — tous nos compliments ! Ils se sont rattrapés depuis — ils ont inventé la presse.) Mais nous, nous qui ne sommes ni jésuites, ni démocrates, ni même assez Allemands, nous autres bons Européens et esprits libres, très libres esprits — nous sentons encore en nous tout le péril de l’intelligence et toute la tension de son arc ! Et peut-être aussi la flèche, la mission, qui sait ? le but peut-être…

Sils Maria, Haute-Engadine. Juin 1885.


  • attack: To attack is to try to fight or to hurt.
  • promise: To promise is to say you will do something for sure.
  • kill: To kill someone or something is to make them die.
  • terrible: If something is terrible, it is very bad.
  • ever: Ever means at any time.
  • fail: To fail means you do not succeed in what you try to do.
  • error: An error is something you do wrong.
  • allow: To allow something to happen means to let it happen.
  • claim: To claim means to say that something is true.
  • condition: The condition of someone or something is the state that they are in.
  • lay: To lay means to put or place in a horizontal or flat position.
  • against: To be against something is to be touching it or opposed to it.
  • perhaps: Perhaps is used when you say that something could happen.
  • still: Still is used when you say that a situation keeps going on.
  • certain: If you are certain about something, you know it is true.
  • far: If something is far, it is not close.
  • rest: To rest is to stop being active while the body gets back its strength.
  • either: Either is used with or to say there are two or more possibilities.
  • ground: The ground is the top part of the Earth that we walk on.
  • serious: When something is serious, it is bad or unsafe.
  • truth: The truth is a fact or something that is right.
  • method: A method is the way to do something.
  • thin: If someone or something is thin, they are not fat.
  • owe: To owe is to have to pay or give back something received from another.
  • print: To print something is to put it onto paper.
  • yet: Yet is used to say something has not happened up to now.
  • exist: To exist is to be real.
  • offer: To offer is to present someone with something.
  • product: A product is something that is made.
  • goal: A goal is something you work toward.
  • lie: To lie is to say or write something untrue to deceive someone.
  • real: If something is real, it actually exists.
  • serve: To serve someone is to give them food or drinks.
  • war: A war is a big fight between two groups of people.
  • though: Though is used when the second idea makes the first seem surprising.
  • actual: Actual means that something is real or true.
  • mental: If something is mental, it has to do with your mind.
  • instance: An instance is an example of something.
  • produce: To produce something is to make or grow it.
  • maintain: To maintain means to make something stay the same.
  • neither: You use neither to connect two negative statements.
  • actually: Actually means in fact or really.
  • gain: If you gain something, you get more of it.
  • mean: Mean describes someone who is unkind or cruel.
  • skill: A skill is the knowledge and ability that allows you to do something well.
  • strength: Strength is the physical power that you have.
  • amount: An amount is how much there is of something.


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