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Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
(1874)

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Downloading books is available only for authorized users

On the Use and Abuse of History for Life Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben

Foreword Vorwort
“Incidentally, I despise everything which merely instructs me without increasing or immediately enlivening my activity.” These are Goethe's words. With them, as with a heartfelt expression of Ceterum censeo (I judge otherwise), our consideration of the worth and the worthlessness of history may begin. For this work is to set down why, in the spirit of Goethe's saying, we must seriously despise instruction without vitality, knowledge which enervates activity, and history as an expensive surplus of knowledge and a luxury, because we lack what is still most essential to us and because what is superfluous is hostile to what is essential. To be sure, we need history. But we need it in a manner different from the way in which the spoilt idler in the garden of knowledge uses it, no matter how elegantly he may look down on our coarse and graceless needs and distresses. That is, we need it for life and action, not for a comfortable turning away from life and action or merely for glossing over the egotistical life and the cowardly bad act. We wish to use history only insofar as it serves living. But there is a degree of doing history and a valuing of it through which life atrophies and degenerates. To bring this phenomenon to light as a remarkable symptom of our time is every bit as necessary as it may be painful.

I have tried to describe a feeling which has often enough tormented me. I take my revenge on this feeling when I expose it to the general public. Perhaps with such a description someone or other will have reason to point out to me that he also knows this particular sensation but that I have not felt it with sufficient purity and naturalness and definitely have not expressed myself with the appropriate certainty and mature experience. Perhaps one or two will respond in this way. However, most people will tell me that this feeling is totally wrong, unnatural, abominable, and absolutely forbidden, that with it, in fact, I have shown myself unworthy of the powerful historical tendency of the times, as it has been, by common knowledge, observed for the past two generations, particularly among the Germans. Whatever the reaction, now that I dare to expose myself with this natural description of my feeling, common decency will be fostered rather than shamed, because I am providing many opportunities for a contemporary tendency like the reaction just mentioned to make polite pronouncements. Moreover, I obtain for myself something of even more value to me than respectability: I become publicly instructed and set straight about our times.

This essay is also out of touch with the times because here I am trying for once to see as a contemporary disgrace, infirmity, and defect something of which our age is justifiably proud, its historical culture. For I believe, in fact, that we are all suffering from a consumptive historical fever and at the very least should recognize that we are afflicted with it. If Goethe with good reason said that with our virtues we simultaneously cultivate our faults and if, as everyone knows, a hypertrophic virtue (as the historical sense of our age appears to me to be) can serve to destroy a people just as well as a hypertrophic vice, then
Space for Notes people may make allowance for me this once. Also in my defense I should not conceal the fact that the experiences which aroused these feelings of torment in me I have derived for the most part from myself and only from others for the purpose of comparison and that, insofar as I am a student more of ancient times, particularly the Greeks, I come as a child in these present times to such anachronistic experiences concerning myself. But I must be allowed to ascribe this much to myself on account of my profession as a classical philologue, for I would not know what sense classical philology would have in our age unless it is to be effective by its inappropriateness for the times, that is, in opposition to the age, thus working on the age, and, we hope, for the benefit of a coming time.

Friedrich Nietzsche

»Übrigens ist mir alles verhaßt, was mich bloß belehrt, ohne meine Tätigkeit zu vermehren oder unmittelbar zu beleben.« Dies sind Worte Goethes, mit denen, als mit einem herzhaft ausgedrückten Ceterum censeo, unsere Betrachtung über den Wert und den Unwert der Historie beginnen mag. In derselben soll nämlich dargestellt werden, warum Belehrung ohne Belebung, warum Wissen, bei dem die Tätigkeit erschlafft, warum Historie als kostbarer Erkenntnis-Überfluß und Luxus uns ernstlich, nach Goethes Wort, verhaßt sein muß – deshalb, weil es uns noch am Notwendigsten fehlt, und weil das Überflüssige der Feind des Notwendigen ist. Gewiß, wir brauchen Historie, aber wir brauchen sie anders, als sie der verwöhnte Müßiggänger im Garten des Wissens braucht, mag derselbe auch vornehm auf unsere derben und anmutlosen Bedürfnisse und Nöte herabsehen. Das heißt, wir brauchen sie zum Leben und zur Tat, nicht zur bequemen Abkehr vom Leben und von der Tat, oder gar zur Beschönigung des selbstsüchtigen Lebens und der feigen und schlechten Tat. Nur soweit die Historie dem Leben dient, wollen wir ihr dienen: aber es gibt einen Grad, Historie zu treiben, und eine Schätzung derselben, bei der das Leben verkümmert und entartet: ein Phänomen, welches an merkwürdigen Symptomen unserer Zeit sich zur Erfahrung zu bringen jetzt ebenso notwendig ist, als es schmerzlich sein mag.
Ich habe mich bestrebt, eine Empfindung zu schildern, die mich oft genug gequält hat; ich räche mich an ihr, indem ich sie der Öffentlichkeit preisgebe. Vielleicht wird irgend jemand durch eine solche Schilderung veranlaßt, mir zu erklären, daß er diese Empfindung zwar auch kenne, aber daß ich sie nicht rein und ursprünglich genug empfunden und durchaus nicht mit der gebührenden Sicherheit und Reife der Erfahrung ausgesprochen habe. So vielleicht der eine oder der andere; die meisten aber werden mir sagen, daß es eine ganz verkehrte, unnatürliche, abscheuliche und schlechterdings unerlaubte Empfindung sei,ja daß ich mich mit derselben der so mächtigen historischen Zeitrichtung unwürdig gezeigt habe, wie sie bekanntlich seit zwei Menschenaltern unter den Deutschen namentlich zu bemerken ist. Nun wird jedenfalls dadurch, daß ich mich mit der Naturbeschreibung meiner Empfindung hervorwage, die allgemeine Wohlanständigkeit eher gefördert als beschädigt, dadurch, daß ich vielen Gelegenheit gebe, einer solchen Zeitrichtung, wie der eben erwähnten, Artigkeiten zu sagen. Für mich aber gewinne ich etwas, was mir noch mehr wert ist als die Wohlanständigkeit – öffentlich über unsere Zeit belehrt und zurechtgewiesen zu werden.
Unzeitgemäß ist auch diese Betrachtung, weil ich etwas, worauf die Zeit mit Recht stolz ist, ihre historische Bildung, hier einmal als Schaden, Gebreste und Mangel der Zeit zu verstehen versuche, weil ich sogar glaube, daß wir alle an einem verzehrenden historischen Fieber leiden und mindestens erkennen sollten, daß wir daran leiden. Wenn aber Goethe mit gutem Rechte gesagt hat, daß wir mit unseren Tugenden zugleich auch unsere Fehler anbauen, und wenn, wie jedermann weiß, eine hypertrophische Tugend – wie sie mir der historische Sinn unserer Zeit zu sein scheint – so gut zum Verderben eines Volkes werden kann wie ein hypertrophisches Laster: so mag man mich nur einmal gewähren lassen. Auch soll zu meiner Entlastung nicht verschwiegen werden, daß ich die Erfahrungen, die mir jene quälenden Empfindungen erregten, meistens aus mir selbst und nur zur Vergleichung aus anderen entnommen habe, und daß ich nur, sofern ich Zögling älterer Zeiten, zumal der griechischen bin, über mich als ein Kind dieser jetzigen Zeit zu so unzeitgemäßen Erfahrungen komme. So viel muß ich mir aber selbst von Berufs wegen als klassischer Philologe zugestehen dürfen: denn ich wüßte nicht, was die klassische Philologie in unserer Zeit für einen Sinn hätte, wenn nicht den, in ihr unzeitgemäß – das heißt gegen die Zeit und dadurch auf die Zeit und hoffentlich zugunsten einer kommenden Zeit – zu wirken.

well: You use well to say that something was done in a good way.
among: If you are among certain things, they are all around you.
describe: To describe is to say or write what someone or something is like.
ever: Ever means at any time.
appropriate: When a thing is appropriate, it is right or normal.
concern: Concern is a feeling of worry.
instruct: To instruct is to teach.
experience: An experience is something you have seen or done.
cause: To cause is to make something happen.
wise: To be wise is to use experience and intelligence to make good choices.
allow: To allow something to happen means to let it happen.
sense: To sense something is to know about it without being told.
necessary: If something is necessary, you must do it.
purpose: A purpose is the reason that you do something.
still: Still is used when you say that a situation keeps going on.
benefit: A benefit is a good thing.
certain: If you are certain about something, you know it is true.
effect: An effect is a change made by something else.
essential: If something is essential, it is very important and necessary.
far: If something is far, it is not close.
immediate: If something is immediate, it happens quickly.
proud: If someone feels proud, they are happy about what they have done.
serious: When something is serious, it is bad or unsafe.
judge: To judge something is to say if it is good or bad.
thin: If someone or something is thin, they are not fat.
owe: To owe is to have to pay or give back something received from another.
position: A position is the way something is placed.
description: A description of someone or something says what they are like.
suffer: To suffer is to feel pain.
observe: To observe something is to watch it.
race: A race is a contest to see who is the fastest.
respond: To respond is to give an answer to what someone else said.
ancient: If something is ancient, it is very old.
mention: To mention something is to talk about it.
bit: A bit is a small amount of something.
consider: To consider something means to think about it.
destroy: To destroy means to damage something so badly that it cannot be used.
lie: To lie is to say or write something untrue to deceive someone.
serve: To serve someone is to give them food or drinks.
war: A war is a big fight between two groups of people.
worth: If something is worth an amount of money, it costs that amount.
appear: To appear is to seem.
pain: Pain is the feeling that you have when you are hurt.
comfort: To comfort someone means to make them feel better.
set: To set something is to put it somewhere.
fit: If something fits, it is small enough orthe right size to go there.
lack: If there is a lack of something, there is not enough of it.
public: If something is public, it is meant for everyone to use.
recognize: To recognize something is to know it because you have seen it before.
otherwise: Otherwise means different or in another way.
react: To react is to act in a certain way because of something that happened.
effective: If something is effective, it works well.
rather: Rather is used when you want to do one thing but not the other.
value: If something has value, it is worth a lot of money.
own: To own something means to have it. That thing belongs to you.
knowledge: Knowledge is information that you have about something.
respect: Respect is a good opinion of someone because they are good.
rich: If you are rich, you have a lot of money.
common: If something is common, it happens often or there is much of it.
different: Different describes someone or something that is not the same as others.

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Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1874)

Downloading books is available only for authorized users
Downloading books is available only for authorized users
On the Use and Abuse of History for Life		Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben
Foreword		Vorwort
“Incidentally, I despise everything which merely instructs me without increasing or immediately enlivening my activity.” These are Goethe's words. With them, as with a heartfelt expression of Ceterum censeo (I judge otherwise), our consideration of the worth and the worthlessness of history may begin. For this work is to set down why, in the spirit of Goethe's saying, we must seriously despise instruction without vitality, knowledge which enervates activity, and history as an expensive surplus of knowledge and a luxury, because we lack what is still most essential to us and because what is superfluous is hostile to what is essential. To be sure, we need history. But we need it in a manner different from the way in which the spoilt idler in the garden of knowledge uses it, no matter how elegantly he may look down on our coarse and graceless needs and distresses. That is, we need it for life and action, not for a comfortable turning away from life and action or merely for glossing over the egotistical life and the cowardly bad act. We wish to use history only insofar as it serves living. But there is a degree of doing history and a valuing of it through which life atrophies and degenerates. To bring this phenomenon to light as a remarkable symptom of our time is every bit as necessary as it may be painful. I have tried to describe a feeling which has often enough tormented me. I take my revenge on this feeling when I expose it to the general public. Perhaps with such a description someone or other will have reason to point out to me that he also knows this particular sensation but that I have not felt it with sufficient purity and naturalness and definitely have not expressed myself with the appropriate certainty and mature experience. Perhaps one or two will respond in this way. However, most people will tell me that this feeling is totally wrong, unnatural, abominable, and absolutely forbidden, that with it, in fact, I have shown myself unworthy of the powerful historical tendency of the times, as it has been, by common knowledge, observed for the past two generations, particularly among the Germans. Whatever the reaction, now that I dare to expose myself with this natural description of my feeling, common decency will be fostered rather than shamed, because I am providing many opportunities for a contemporary tendency like the reaction just mentioned to make polite pronouncements. Moreover, I obtain for myself something of even more value to me than respectability: I become publicly instructed and set straight about our times. This essay is also out of touch with the times because here I am trying for once to see as a contemporary disgrace, infirmity, and defect something of which our age is justifiably proud, its historical culture. For I believe, in fact, that we are all suffering from a consumptive historical fever and at the very least should recognize that we are afflicted with it. If Goethe with good reason said that with our virtues we simultaneously cultivate our faults and if, as everyone knows, a hypertrophic virtue (as the historical sense of our age appears to me to be) can serve to destroy a people just as well as a hypertrophic vice, then Space for Notes people may make allowance for me this once. Also in my defense I should not conceal the fact that the experiences which aroused these feelings of torment in me I have derived for the most part from myself and only from others for the purpose of comparison and that, insofar as I am a student more of ancient times, particularly the Greeks, I come as a child in these present times to such anachronistic experiences concerning myself. But I must be allowed to ascribe this much to myself on account of my profession as a classical philologue, for I would not know what sense classical philology would have in our age unless it is to be effective by its inappropriateness for the times, that is, in opposition to the age, thus working on the age, and, we hope, for the benefit of a coming time. Friedrich Nietzsche		»Übrigens ist mir alles verhaßt, was mich bloß belehrt, ohne meine Tätigkeit zu vermehren oder unmittelbar zu beleben.« Dies sind Worte Goethes, mit denen, als mit einem herzhaft ausgedrückten Ceterum censeo, unsere Betrachtung über den Wert und den Unwert der Historie beginnen mag. In derselben soll nämlich dargestellt werden, warum Belehrung ohne Belebung, warum Wissen, bei dem die Tätigkeit erschlafft, warum Historie als kostbarer Erkenntnis-Überfluß und Luxus uns ernstlich, nach Goethes Wort, verhaßt sein muß – deshalb, weil es uns noch am Notwendigsten fehlt, und weil das Überflüssige der Feind des Notwendigen ist. Gewiß, wir brauchen Historie, aber wir brauchen sie anders, als sie der verwöhnte Müßiggänger im Garten des Wissens braucht, mag derselbe auch vornehm auf unsere derben und anmutlosen Bedürfnisse und Nöte herabsehen. Das heißt, wir brauchen sie zum Leben und zur Tat, nicht zur bequemen Abkehr vom Leben und von der Tat, oder gar zur Beschönigung des selbstsüchtigen Lebens und der feigen und schlechten Tat. Nur soweit die Historie dem Leben dient, wollen wir ihr dienen: aber es gibt einen Grad, Historie zu treiben, und eine Schätzung derselben, bei der das Leben verkümmert und entartet: ein Phänomen, welches an merkwürdigen Symptomen unserer Zeit sich zur Erfahrung zu bringen jetzt ebenso notwendig ist, als es schmerzlich sein mag. Ich habe mich bestrebt, eine Empfindung zu schildern, die mich oft genug gequält hat; ich räche mich an ihr, indem ich sie der Öffentlichkeit preisgebe. Vielleicht wird irgend jemand durch eine solche Schilderung veranlaßt, mir zu erklären, daß er diese Empfindung zwar auch kenne, aber daß ich sie nicht rein und ursprünglich genug empfunden und durchaus nicht mit der gebührenden Sicherheit und Reife der Erfahrung ausgesprochen habe. So vielleicht der eine oder der andere; die meisten aber werden mir sagen, daß es eine ganz verkehrte, unnatürliche, abscheuliche und schlechterdings unerlaubte Empfindung sei,ja daß ich mich mit derselben der so mächtigen historischen Zeitrichtung unwürdig gezeigt habe, wie sie bekanntlich seit zwei Menschenaltern unter den Deutschen namentlich zu bemerken ist. Nun wird jedenfalls dadurch, daß ich mich mit der Naturbeschreibung meiner Empfindung hervorwage, die allgemeine Wohlanständigkeit eher gefördert als beschädigt, dadurch, daß ich vielen Gelegenheit gebe, einer solchen Zeitrichtung, wie der eben erwähnten, Artigkeiten zu sagen. Für mich aber gewinne ich etwas, was mir noch mehr wert ist als die Wohlanständigkeit – öffentlich über unsere Zeit belehrt und zurechtgewiesen zu werden. Unzeitgemäß ist auch diese Betrachtung, weil ich etwas, worauf die Zeit mit Recht stolz ist, ihre historische Bildung, hier einmal als Schaden, Gebreste und Mangel der Zeit zu verstehen versuche, weil ich sogar glaube, daß wir alle an einem verzehrenden historischen Fieber leiden und mindestens erkennen sollten, daß wir daran leiden. Wenn aber Goethe mit gutem Rechte gesagt hat, daß wir mit unseren Tugenden zugleich auch unsere Fehler anbauen, und wenn, wie jedermann weiß, eine hypertrophische Tugend – wie sie mir der historische Sinn unserer Zeit zu sein scheint – so gut zum Verderben eines Volkes werden kann wie ein hypertrophisches Laster: so mag man mich nur einmal gewähren lassen. Auch soll zu meiner Entlastung nicht verschwiegen werden, daß ich die Erfahrungen, die mir jene quälenden Empfindungen erregten, meistens aus mir selbst und nur zur Vergleichung aus anderen entnommen habe, und daß ich nur, sofern ich Zögling älterer Zeiten, zumal der griechischen bin, über mich als ein Kind dieser jetzigen Zeit zu so unzeitgemäßen Erfahrungen komme. So viel muß ich mir aber selbst von Berufs wegen als klassischer Philologe zugestehen dürfen: denn ich wüßte nicht, was die klassische Philologie in unserer Zeit für einen Sinn hätte, wenn nicht den, in ihr unzeitgemäß – das heißt gegen die Zeit und dadurch auf die Zeit und hoffentlich zugunsten einer kommenden Zeit – zu wirken.
well: You use well to say that something was done in a good way. among: If you are among certain things, they are all around you. describe: To describe is to say or write what someone or something is like. ever: Ever means at any time. appropriate: When a thing is appropriate, it is right or normal. concern: Concern is a feeling of worry. instruct: To instruct is to teach. experience: An experience is something you have seen or done. cause: To cause is to make something happen. wise: To be wise is to use experience and intelligence to make good choices. allow: To allow something to happen means to let it happen. sense: To sense something is to know about it without being told. necessary: If something is necessary, you must do it. purpose: A purpose is the reason that you do something. still: Still is used when you say that a situation keeps going on. benefit: A benefit is a good thing. certain: If you are certain about something, you know it is true. effect: An effect is a change made by something else. essential: If something is essential, it is very important and necessary. far: If something is far, it is not close. immediate: If something is immediate, it happens quickly. proud: If someone feels proud, they are happy about what they have done. serious: When something is serious, it is bad or unsafe. judge: To judge something is to say if it is good or bad. thin: If someone or something is thin, they are not fat. owe: To owe is to have to pay or give back something received from another. position: A position is the way something is placed. description: A description of someone or something says what they are like. suffer: To suffer is to feel pain. observe: To observe something is to watch it. race: A race is a contest to see who is the fastest. respond: To respond is to give an answer to what someone else said. ancient: If something is ancient, it is very old. mention: To mention something is to talk about it. bit: A bit is a small amount of something. consider: To consider something means to think about it. destroy: To destroy means to damage something so badly that it cannot be used. lie: To lie is to say or write something untrue to deceive someone. serve: To serve someone is to give them food or drinks. war: A war is a big fight between two groups of people. worth: If something is worth an amount of money, it costs that amount. appear: To appear is to seem. pain: Pain is the feeling that you have when you are hurt. comfort: To comfort someone means to make them feel better. set: To set something is to put it somewhere. fit: If something fits, it is small enough orthe right size to go there. lack: If there is a lack of something, there is not enough of it. public: If something is public, it is meant for everyone to use. recognize: To recognize something is to know it because you have seen it before. otherwise: Otherwise means different or in another way. react: To react is to act in a certain way because of something that happened. effective: If something is effective, it works well. rather: Rather is used when you want to do one thing but not the other. value: If something has value, it is worth a lot of money. own: To own something means to have it. That thing belongs to you. knowledge: Knowledge is information that you have about something. respect: Respect is a good opinion of someone because they are good. rich: If you are rich, you have a lot of money. common: If something is common, it happens often or there is much of it. different: Different describes someone or something that is not the same as others.

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