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The Categories
Aristotle
(330 B.C.)

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The Categories The Categories

Part 1 Part 1
Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a
common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for
each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to
the name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they
have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs
for each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal,
his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only.

On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have
both the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A man
and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named,
inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in
both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal,
the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other.

Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name
from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the
grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageous
man from the word 'courage'.

Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a
common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for
each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to
the name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they
have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs
for each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal,
his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only.

On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have
both the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A man
and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named,
inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in
both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal,
the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other.

Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name
from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the
grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageous
man from the word 'courage'.

appropriate: When a thing is appropriate, it is right or normal.
claim: To claim means to say that something is true.
lay: To lay means to put or place in a horizontal or flat position.
sense: To sense something is to know about it without being told.
thin: If someone or something is thin, they are not fat.
respond: To respond is to give an answer to what someone else said.
yet: Yet is used to say something has not happened up to now.
real: If something is real, it actually exists.
though: Though is used when the second idea makes the first seem surprising.
term: A term is a word for something.
common: If something is common, it happens often or there is much of it.

appropriate: When a thing is appropriate, it is right or normal.
claim: To claim means to say that something is true.
lay: To lay means to put or place in a horizontal or flat position.
sense: To sense something is to know about it without being told.
thin: If someone or something is thin, they are not fat.
respond: To respond is to give an answer to what someone else said.
yet: Yet is used to say something has not happened up to now.
real: If something is real, it actually exists.
though: Though is used when the second idea makes the first seem surprising.
term: A term is a word for something.
common: If something is common, it happens often or there is much of it.

Next chapter

The Categories Aristotle (330 B.C.)

Downloading books is available only for authorized users
Downloading books is available only for authorized users
The Categories		The Categories
Part 1		Part 1
Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to the name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal, his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only. On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have both the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A man and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named, inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other. Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageous man from the word 'courage'.		Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim to the name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though they have a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differs for each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal, his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only. On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which have both the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A man and an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named, inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same in both cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal, the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other. Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their name from some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus the grammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageous man from the word 'courage'.
appropriate: When a thing is appropriate, it is right or normal. claim: To claim means to say that something is true. lay: To lay means to put or place in a horizontal or flat position. sense: To sense something is to know about it without being told. thin: If someone or something is thin, they are not fat. respond: To respond is to give an answer to what someone else said. yet: Yet is used to say something has not happened up to now. real: If something is real, it actually exists. though: Though is used when the second idea makes the first seem surprising. term: A term is a word for something. common: If something is common, it happens often or there is much of it.		appropriate: When a thing is appropriate, it is right or normal. claim: To claim means to say that something is true. lay: To lay means to put or place in a horizontal or flat position. sense: To sense something is to know about it without being told. thin: If someone or something is thin, they are not fat. respond: To respond is to give an answer to what someone else said. yet: Yet is used to say something has not happened up to now. real: If something is real, it actually exists. though: Though is used when the second idea makes the first seem surprising. term: A term is a word for something. common: If something is common, it happens often or there is much of it.

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