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On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
David Ricardo
(1817)

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Princípios de Economia Política e Tributação On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
PrefácioORIGINAL PREFACE
O produto da terra — tudo que se obtém de sua superfície pela aplicação combinada de trabalho, maquinaria e capital — se divide entre três classes da sociedade, a saber: o proprietário da terra, o dono do capital necessário para seu cultivo e os trabalhadores cujos esforços são empregados no seu cultivo.

Em diferentes estágios da sociedade, no entanto, as proporções do produto total da terra destinadas a cada uma dessas classes, sob os nomes de renda, lucro e salário, serão essencialmente diferentes, o que dependerá principalmente da fertilidade do solo, da acumulação de capital e de população, e da habilidade, da engenhosidade e dos instrumentos empregados na agricultura.

Determinar as leis que regulam essa distribuição é a principal questão da Economia Política: embora esta ciência tenha progredido muito com as obras de Turgot, Stuart, Smith, Say, Sismondi e outros, eles trouxeram muito pouca informação satisfatória a respeito da trajetória natural da renda, do lucro e do salário.

Em 1815, Malthus, em seu Estudo Sobre a Natureza e o Progresso da Renda, e um membro do University College, de Oxford, em seu Ensaio Sobre a Aplicação do Capital à Terra, apresentaram ao mundo, quase ao mesmo tempo, a verdadeira teoria da renda, sem cujo conhecimento é impossível entender o efeito do progresso da riqueza sobre os lucros e os salários, ou ainda acompanhar satisfatoriamente a influência dos impostos sobre as diferentes classes da sociedade, especialmente quando as mercadorias taxadas são produtos obtidos diretamente da superfície da terra. Não tendo examinado corretamente os princípios da renda, Adam Smith e os outros competentes autores a que fiz alusão não apreenderam muitas verdades importantes, que só podem ser descobertas após uma perfeita compreensão do problema da renda.

Para superar essa deficiência, é necessário um talento muito superior ao do autor das páginas seguintes. No entanto, após haver dado a esse assunto sua melhor atenção — com a ajuda encontrada nas obras dos autores citados e após a valiosa experiência que os últimos anos, ricos em acontecimentos, proporcionaram à presente geração —, não se lhe atribuirá presunção, assim ele espera, por formular seus pontos de vista sobre as leis que regem os lucros e os salários, assim como sobre a incidência dos impostos. Se os princípios que ele considera corretos assim se confirmarem, caberá a outros mais capazes desenvolvê-los em todas as suas consequências importantes.

Para combater opiniões aceitas, o autor julgou necessário assinalar mais particularmente aquelas passagens das obras de Adam Smith com as quais não está de acordo. Mas espera que não se pense, por esse motivo, que ele não participe, juntamente com todos aqueles que reconhecem a importância da Economia Política, da admiração que com justiça desperta a profunda obra desse celebrado autor.

A mesma observação pode ser feita em relação aos excelentes trabalhos de Say, que, não apenas foi o primeiro, ou um dos primeiros autores continentais que corretamente examinaram e aplicaram os princípios de Smith, e que fez mais que todos os outros escritores continentais reunidos para recomendar às nações da Europa os princípios daquele esclarecido e benéfico sistema; mas que, além disso, conseguiu também ordenar a ciência de modo mais lógico e instrutivo, enriquecendo-a ainda com várias contribuições originais, precisas e profundas. No entanto, o respeito que inspiram ao autor os escritos desse cavalheiro não o impediu de comentar, com a liberdade que considera necessária aos interesses da ciência, as passagens da Économie Politique divergentes de suas ideias.




THE produce of the earth—all that is derived from its surface by the united application of labour, machinery, and capital, is divided among three classes of the community, namely, the proprietor of the land, the owner of the stock or capital necessary for its cultivation, and the labourers by whose industry it is cultivated.

But in different stages of society, the proportions of the whole produce of the earth which will be allotted to each of these classes, under the names of rent, profit, and wages, will be essentially different; depending mainly on the actual fertility of the soil, on the accumulation of capital and population, and on the skill, ingenuity, and instruments employed in agriculture.

To determine the laws which regulate this distribution is the principal problem in Political Economy: much as the science has been improved by the writings of Turgot, Stuart, Smith, Say, Sismondi, and others, they afford very little satisfactory information respecting the natural course of rent, profit, and wages.

In 1815, Mr. Malthus, in his Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, and a Fellow of University College, Oxford, in his Essay on the Application of Capital to Land, presented to the world, nearly at the same moment, the true doctrine of rent; without a knowledge of which it is impossible to understand the effect of the progress of wealth on profits and wages, or to trace satisfactorily the influence of taxation on different classes of the community; particularly when the commodities taxed are the productions immediately derived from the surface of the earth. Adam Smith, and the other able writers to whom I have alluded, not having viewed correctly the principles of rent, have, it appears to me, overlooked many important truths, which can only be discovered after the subject of rent is thoroughly understood.

To supply this deficiency, abilities are required of a far superior cast to any possessed by the writer of the following pages; yet, after having given to this subject his best consideration—after the aid which he has derived from the works of the above-mentioned eminent writers—and after the valuable experience which a few late years, abounding in facts, have yielded to the present generation—it will not, he trusts, be deemed presumptuous in him to state his opinions on the laws of profits and wages, and on the operation of taxes. If the principles which he deems correct should be found to be so, it will be for others, more able than himself, to trace them to all their important consequences.

The writer, in combating received opinions, has found it necessary to advert more particularly to those passages in the writings of Adam Smith from which he sees reason to differ; but he hopes it will not, on that account, be suspected that he does not, in common with all those who acknowledge the importance of the science of Political Economy, participate in the admiration which the profound work of this celebrated author so justly excites.

The same remark may be applied to the excellent works of M. Say, who not only was the first, or among the first, of continental writers who justly appreciated and applied the principles of Smith, and who has done more than all other continental writers taken together to recommend the principles of that enlightened and beneficial system to the nations of Europe; but who has succeeded in placing the science in a more logical and more instructive order; and has enriched it by several discussions, original, accurate, and profound.1 The respect, however, which the author entertains for the writings of this gentleman has not prevented him from commenting with that freedom which he thinks the interests of science require, on such passages of the Economie Politique as appeared at variance with his own ideas.





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